atmosphere

2024 - 2026

inventing an AI-rover system to make clean air accessible for 2.4K+ dallas students

cost-effective, mobile AI-rover system engineered to evaluate impacts of microclimatic interactions on pediatric asthma

A collage of various electronics and robotics parts featuring Arduino boards, sensors, wires, a motor assembly, and a small outdoor rover with a pinwheel mounted on top.

30 second synopsis

I invented a patent-pending AI-rover for outdoor air quality monitoring to help reduce PM2.5 air pollutants in school microclimates and piloted in 4 Dallas schools, impacting 2.4K+ students. then, i used this rover data to publish a paper correlating pediatric asthma vulnerability with particulate matter, CO₂, and CO concentrations in schools with low vs. moderate vegetation to propose an atmospheric safety program to Dallas ISD policymakers.

2.4K+

dallas isd students impacted

schools trialing rover

22%

average reduction in >PM2.5

atmospheric safety policies

background

analyzing the problem

To understand gaps in research on pediatric asthma vulnerability, I reviewed 40+ peer-reviewed studies examining how microclimatic conditions affect pediatric asthma in urban schools.

full lit review

research doc

A tilted view of an academic paper titled “Evaluating the impact of urban greenness on pediatric asthma rates: Implications for school policy,” surrounded by related charts, tables, and reference pages.

A U.S. map shows asthma prevalence among children aged 0 to 17 by state, shaded in four blue gradients ranging from 4.4% to over 9.8%, with white indicating unavailable data.

distilling gaps in literature

I distilled my research findings into 4 key insights.

unclear how microclimates impact PAV

The effects of specific microclimatic parameters on pediatric asthma and how vegetation levels influence pollutant exposure remain poorly understood at the census tract level.

insufficient analysis of individual pollutants

Most studies aggregate pollutant data into broad categories (particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds), which obscures how individual pollutants or particle sizes affect asthma vulnerability.

limited exploration of microclimates

Existing research lacks analysis of how meteorological factors (temperature, humidity, wind speed) influence the dispersion and concentration of pollutants in urban schools with different densities of vegetation. While some studies correlated microclimatic conditions with pediatric asthma, none determined whether these factors directly contribute or if vegetation mediates their effects.

absence of standardized metrics

The lack of standardized metrics for assessing pediatric asthma vulnerability has produced conflicting findings and inconsistent proxies, which makes it challenging to compare studies and draw causal conclusions.

limitations of traditional aerial sensors

Current sensors are expensive and stationary since they rely on pollutants reaching fixed collection points rather than measuring concentrations where they're highest. Traditional sensors also overlook how pollutants disperse through meteorological factors like wind velocity, pressure, and temperature variations (urban heat islands, thermal inversions).

ends and means

method

To address these gaps, I investigated whether fine (>PM0.3) and coarse (>PM2.5) particulate matter and carbon oxides (CO and CO₂) correlate with pediatric asthma vulnerability in urban schools with low (<0.2) versus moderate (0.2-0.6) NDVI (vegetation index) at the census tract level. I tested a cost-effective, mobile AI rover equipped with Arduino-based aerial sensors for each microclimatic parameter.

variables and conditions

hypothesis

Schools with lower NDVI (vegetation) would experience higher pediatric asthma vulnerability compared to schools in more vegetated tracts due to increased exposure to particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.

independent variables

>PM0.3

>PM2.5

CO₂

NDVI

dependent variables

A high PAVI indicates elevated emergency department visits and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease coupled with low preventive medication use.

macroscale PAVI = α(ED visits) + β(COPD) - γ(inhaler prescription)

experimental and control groups

I selected 5 schools in census tracts with low NDVI (<0.2) for the experimental group and 5 with moderate NDVI (0.2-0.6) as controls, with measurements at 3 sublocations per school across 2 dates.

control variables

I recorded meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed) to ensure homogeneous conditions and defined site selection criteria to control for confounding factors.

the method behind the madness

To identify meaningful patterns in pediatric asthma vulnerability, I selected 5 experimental schools in low-NDVI census tracts and 5 control schools in moderate-NDVI tracts, then engineered a rover to measure pollutants at 3 sublocations per school across 2 dates.

180

trials

research sites

sensors engineered

selecting sites

I selected experimental schools using 6 exclusion criteria and a random forest classifier to identify schools with moderate NDVI (greenness) and exclude them to isolate the effects of sparse vegetation (low NDVI).

A choropleth map displays a city divided by neighborhood, shaded by a scale from -1.0 to 0.6 representing NDVI, with black circles marking five experimental schools and black triangles marking five control schools.

collecting data

I gathered data on the selected atmospheric parameters at 10 selected Dallas ISD schools, divided into 5 experimental and 5 control locations to test my hypothesis. To control for confounders, I conducted a total of 180 trials by collecting data at 3 designated sublocations, with 3 replicates per sublocation, on 2 dates (10 sec for 3 min/trial), for each school.

A collage of three aerial satellite images shows different high school campuses with numbered labels identifying buildings, sports fields, and surrounding areas.

rover

I engineered a novel, cost-effective, mobile rover with Arduino-based aerial sensors for each microclimatic parameter to maximize data coverage and overcome the mobility limitations of traditional aerial sensors. I self-assembled sensors using Arduino-based parts.

engineering the rover

I engineered a novel, cost-effective, mobile rover with Arduino-based aerial sensors for each microclimatic parameter to maximize data coverage and overcome mobility limitations of traditional stationary sensors. Since no affordable wind speed microsensors existed, I built a proximity sensor paired with a pinwheel to count rotations over time.

A collage of three images shows a homemade rover with orange and blue wheels, various electronic components, and a mounted pinwheel, both in outdoor grassy terrain and an indoor workspace.

Final rover with sensors

A top-down image displays a small motor connected to a blue gear beside a larger black gear, placed on a flat metallic surface.

CAD 3D-printed wheels

Three close-up images show different configurations of Arduino-based electronic circuits connected with colorful jumper wires, breadboards, and sensors, including SD card modules and microcontrollers.

CO₂ and CO sensors

Three images show electronic components and microcontrollers, including an Arduino board and a breadboard circuit, with the final image featuring a hand holding a windmill-style sensor setup connected to wires in front of computer monitors.

Meteorological sensors

A close-up image shows a blue electronic sensor unit mounted on a blue bracket, with wires connected below and a blurred classroom or workshop environment in the background.

>PM2.5 and >PM0.3 sensor

the data pipeline

The rover transmitted data to a multi-step machine learning algorithm visualized on a mobile app that modeled pollutant dispersion relative to temperature, humidity, and wind speed. This identified high-exposure microclimates, predicted pollutant level changes, and provided school-specific recommendations to reduce pediatric asthma vulnerability.

processing data

After transporting the rover to each school (3 sublocations, 3 replicates, 10-second intervals for 3 minutes per trial), the rover autonomously or remotely followed a standardized path and transmitted sensor data to a mobile app.

1. Each data point is linked with specific coordinates where the rover is located.
2. Calculate spatial covariance between data points to assess how pollutant concentrations vary with distance.
3. A kriging model (covariance matrix) predicts pollutant concentrations at unmeasured locations.
4. Use DBSCAN clustering to identify pollutant hotspots by grouping proximal areas with high pollutants.
5. Gaussian pollutant dispersion model accounts for pollutant movement based on meteorological conditions.

visualizing data

The model built a spatiotemporal map of pollutant concentrations by visualizing pollutant dispersion relative to temperature, humidity, and wind speed to identify high-exposure zones.

Two smartphone screens show a map of North Dallas High School displaying predicted average PM2.5 concentrations over time, with a time slider feature allowing users to forecast pollution levels based on meteorological data.

interpreting macroscale PAVI

PAVI was highest in areas adjacent to major roads, parking lots, and building perimeters due to pollutant accumulation, reduced dispersion, and limited vegetation buffering. Lower PAVI was observed in open fields and downwind locations where pollutants disperse more freely.

A phone screen shows a pollutant heatmap of North Dallas High School with outlined zones and a color-coded microscale PAVI score, showing predicted air quality values based on meteorological conditions.

recommending interventions

The model generates recommendations on optimal intervention (e.g., vegetation, HVACs, HEPA) to reduce PAV.

A phone screen shows a map of North Dallas High School highlighting areas with recommended vegetation interventions to reduce PM2.5, suggesting tall evergreen trees planted in two staggered rows at a minimum height of 20–30 feet.

the magical moment

results + insights

I found that experimental schools had significantly higher levels of CO₂ and coarse PM, which strongly correlated with increased pediatric asthma vulnerability, especially in downtown and southeast Dallas. These levels were inversely related to NDVI, which suggests that areas with lower vegetation density experienced higher asthma vulnerability.

*p > 0.0001, *p ≤ 0.0001, and *p < 0.0001 represent significance values from unpaired two-sample t-tests comparing average parameter values between experimental and control groups.

27% higher >PM0.3 concentrations

55% higher >PM2.5 concentrations

2% higher CO concentrations

19% higher CO₂ concentrations

13% higher air temperature

20% higher humidity

14% higher wind speed

spatial trends

Using spatial regression analysis on census tract data, I found that experimental schools had higher pediatric asthma vulnerability compared to controls, meaning Dallas ISD schools in lower-NDVI areas had significantly higher coarse PM and CO levels. This corresponded to increased vulnerability, supporting my hypothesis.

Two maps of Dallas show pediatric asthma data: one shows emergency department visits per 90 days by neighborhood, and the other shows annual inhaler prescriptions, both shaded in blue gradients to indicate severity levels, with schools and Seagoville labeled.

experimental group

Spatial regression analysis revealed that downtown Dallas tracts showed moderately high vulnerability. Urban periphery tracts, despite proximity to downtown, showed lower vulnerability.

control group

Tracts in Seagoville showed high vulnerability, which indicated over-reliance on preventive medication due to localized environmental triggers rather than health emergencies. North Dallas showed low vulnerability, likely due to consistent healthcare access preventing acute incidents in higher-risk areas.

discussing results

I distilled my findings into 4 key insights.

coarse PM concentrations are significantly greater in low-NDVI schools

Experimental schools with lower NDVI experienced significantly higher levels of PM (to a greater extent coarse PM), which were strongly correlated to increased PAV, especially in downtown and southeast Dallas. Vegetation filters and traps PM through stomata or leaf cell membranes. In low-vegetation areas, less filtration results in higher coarse PM levels. Coarse particles were more prevalent than fine particles because vegetation traps larger particles more easily due to their size.

CO₂ concentrations are significantly greater in low-NDVI schools

Higher CO₂ levels in experimental locations with low NDVI suggest a reduced capacity for natural CO, absorption and sequestration capabilities found in more vegetated environments. Vegetation naturally absorbs CO, from the atmosphere through photosynthesis by converting it into oxygen, which suggests that the lack of greenery in these areas inhibits this absorption.

low vegetation density worsens PAV

The inverse relationship between NDVI and temperature, CO₂, PM, and humidity suggests that low vegetation contributes to worse air quality and higher asthma vulnerability in experimental schools. Spatial regression analysis (r=0.72) showed significant inverse correlation between vulnerability and NDVI, while fine PM and CO₂ positively correlated with elevated vulnerability. Low greenery and high atmospheric pollutants interact to increase vulnerability.

meteorological factors mediate high-PAV microclimates

Experimental schools experienced significantly higher temperatures, which indicates strong urban heat island effects from impervious surfaces replacing vegetation. Wind flow, temperature gradients, and vegetation density created concentrated PM2.5 exposure zones near traffic-adjacent schools in low-NDVI areas.

limitations of findings

Social determinants of health, such as higher poverty rates in experimental locations, represent confounding variables that correlate with increased chronic disease rates and could have increased asthma vulnerability independent of environmental exposures. Future studies should include more locations and control for social determinants of respiratory health.

sharing results

Mentored by Dr. Corwin Zigler (Professor of Biostatistics at the Brown University School of Public Health), I used rover data to publish a paper in a Harvard-affiliated journal correlating pediatric asthma vulnerability with particulate matter in Dallas ISD schools.

DOI: 10.59720/24-269

read paper

A collection of journal pages from the Journal of Emerging Investigators features a student research article titled "Rover engineered to evaluate impacts of atmospheric parameters on pediatric asthma in Dallas," including text, data charts, and photos of the rover construction process.

significance

impact

The AI-rover system serves two purposes: For schools, it provides a cost-effective tool showing exactly when, where, and how to reduce pollutant concentrations most efficiently. For future studies, it offers a more accurate data collection method by using sensors to capture spatiotemporal variations across larger areas and time intervals.

This is the first study to assess the impact of microclimatic parameters on pediatric asthma and to integrate machine learning to spatially visualize pollutant dispersion.

PAV + AI

Three smartphone screenshots show an environmental data app with maps of North Dallas High School with air quality metrics, including PAVI scores and PM2.5 concentrations, data collection visuals, and hotspot analysis.

The rover-AI system’s portability, affordability, and intelligence informs policy decisions tailored to schools' unique microclimatic conditions rather than averaged across a ZIP code.

personalized data

Three photos show a homemade mobile rover built from electronics and cardboard, equipped with sensors, wires, and a colorful spinning pinwheel, positioned outdoors on grass.

This study’s spatial insights are being used to lobby school officials to implement 2 atmospheric safety protocols in Dallas ISD elementary schools for the 25-26 school year.

impacting policy

A set of visuals showing PM2.5 air pollution data, including a map of Dallas neighborhoods, a bar graph comparing PM2.5 concentrations between control and experimental sites, and a mobile app displaying air quality data for a school campus.

Currently deployed in 4 Dallas ISD elementary schools totaling 2.4K+ students, the rover-AI system overcomes the mobility limitations associated with traditional sensors.

impacting people

A collage of satellite images shows three elementary school campuses—David G. Burnet, Seagoville North, and Adelle Turner.

what I'm up to now

Currently, I'm augmenting the AI-rover system to correlate atmospheric data with PAV in 4 regions in Dallas County to inform a local bill proposal. I'm also working remotely with UT Tyler CS students to produce a symposium publication that models PAV using analyses of microclimatic variables with LSTMs and spatial autocorrelation.

taking it into competition

In February, I showcased my project at the Dallas Regional Science and Engineering Fair, placing 3rd in earth and environmental science among 1K+ students and advancing to the Texas Science and Engineering Fair.

state results

research poster

competing at TXSEF

At the state fair (and after talking with 9 judges), I went on to earn 2nd place in the same category!

Overlapping photo cards showing the Dallas Science and Engineering Fair award ceremony with four students holding certificates in front of branded backdrop, including individual portrait of male student in suit, with blue decorative accent shapes on light gray background.

GSTCA

I was also awarded a $2K residential scholarship to conduct research at the Governor's Science and Technology Champions' Academy at Southern Methodist University, where I helped engineer drones with computer vision to map urban food deserts in Dallas

watch video

Overlapping photo cards showing black drone with red propellers flying above the SMU Electrical Engineering building entrance with decorative blue accent shapes on light gray background.

paying it forward

What was unique about this research project was that it combined my passion for geospatial technology and environmental invention, so I decided to share this interest with others through by leading related clubs and organizations.

A promotional graphic for the Science Fair + Research Club featuring a student presenting a project, a webpage titled "What is science fair?", and a document titled "Scientific research process document" for the 2024–2025 school year.

science fair + research program

By helping revitalize my school's science fair program and providing research mentorship to 12 peers, I'm proud to have led my school to its first-ever state science fair awards and 4 regional awards in 2025.

more work

about me

helping 50+ vineyards and orchards respond to environmental threats

agsight

2024 - present